Constbtjction of cement drains



B. LIVERMORE.

Laying Cement Aqueducts. v No. 28,091. Patented May 1, 1860.

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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

BENJAMIN LIVERMORE, OF HARTLAND, VERMONT.

CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT DRAINS.

Specification of Letters Patent No. 28,091, dated May 1, 1860.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, BENJAMIN LIVERMORE, of Hartland, in the county ofIVindsor and State of Vermont, have invented a new and Improved Mode ofLaying Cement Aqueducts or l/Vater-Pipes, and do hereby declare that thefollowing is a full, clear, and exact description of the same, referencebeing had to the annexed drawings, making a part of this specification,in which Figure 1, represents a top view of the improvement. Fig. 2,represents a side view of the same, the sides of the ditch beingremoved.

This invention consists in covering, or enveloping the mortar as it isplaced around the rod or core in the ditch, or trench, to form theaqueduct, or water pipe, with a, strip of cloth, paper, or any othersimilar flexible material, to prevent the bare mortar from coming incontact with the mold or former, and adhering to it while the mortar isbeing molded or formed into shape around the rod or core, and to holdthe newly formed pipe in place and shape, around the rod or core, andrevent stones and lumps of earth from sett ing into it while the earthis being thrown on, and firmly tamped and compressed around it. Also toprevent the earth from coming in contact with the bare fresh mortar andrendering it more friable and porous, by absorbing a port-ion of thewater and cement therefrom. And also, when laying the aqueduct or Waterpipe, through wet ground, to prevent the water from pressing against,and into the bare and freshly laid mortar and dissolving it.

To enable others skilled in the art to make use of my invention I willproceed to describe it.

In the drawings a, a, represents the ditch or trench.

5, represents the cement aqueduct, or water pipe, as it is being laid ina groove, or channel, in the bottom of the ditch or trench a, a.

0, represents the rod or core, around which the mortar is placed to formthe pipe 6. This rod or core should be about nine feet in length,smooth, flexible, and slightly tapering.

0?, represents a strip of cloth, paper, or some other similar flexiblematerial, to cover or envelop the pipe 6.

6, represents the mold or former, to mold and press the mortar intoplace and shape, around the rod or core (2, to form the pipe I).

f, represents a spindle attached to the mold or former e, to contain thestrip of cloth or material (I, used to cover or envelop the aqueduct Z).

71-, 72-, represent braces to support the spindle f in its place on themold or former a.

i, represents a button, to retain the spindle f, in the braces 71, h.

j, represents a strip of cloth, paper, or some other similar suitablematerial, to place in the roove or channel in the bot-tom of the ditc 1or trench a, a, on which the mortar to form the pipe 6 is placed, in wetground, to prevent the water from pressing up against and into the bareand newly laid mortar and dissolving it.

The mortar used to construct this kind of aqueduct is made, as itusually is for other. hydraulic purposes, by. mixing together the properproportions of common hydraulic cement or water lime, sand, and gravel,and adding sufficient water to reduce it to the right consistency ofgood mortar, or concrete.

To form the aqueduct or pipe I), place suflicient mortar around the rodor core 0, in the ditch or trench a, a, to make the pipe 6, thethickness desired. Move the mold or former e forward over it, pressingthe mortar into place and shape around the core or rod 0, while at thesame time a portion of the strip of cloth or material used (Z unrollsfrom the spindle f, and passing underneath the mold or former e, ispressed on and around the aqueduct or pipe 6. Place earth on and firmlytamp and compress it around the newly formed pipe, while the rod or core0 is within it. Draw the rod or core 0 forward two or three feet,leaving its remaining length in the newly made pipe, place more mortararound the rod or core 0, and by continuing as before a pipe of anylength desired may be produced.

In laying the aqueduct through wet ground, it is necessary to entirelyenvelop the aqueduct or pipe I) to )revent the water from pressingagamst an into the freshly laid mortar and dissolving it. This I do byplacing a strip of cloth, paper, or some other similar flexible materialj, in the ditch or trench, and laying the aqueduct or pipe upon andwater lines, of which these aqueducts are usually constructed set in afew minutes sufficiently hard to hold them in shape and place, yet for along time they remain in a weak and friable condition, unable of theirown stren h to sustain any considerable pressure 0 water, and only afterthe lapse of from six months to a year do they become hard and perfect-And as they are hardened and perfected by the agency of water,

' therefore it is highly important that these pipes should be capable ofsustaining apressure of water and allow its introduction into them soonafter being laid. Allthe methods of laying these aqueducts of which Ihave any knowledge, fail in a great measure to accomplish this object.Those in which the earth is thrown on the bare mortar as soon as it islaid'are liable to be more friable and porous on account of the earthstaking up or absorbing a portion of their water and cement, and are moreliable to be uneven in thickness, on account of not being protectedagainst stones and lumps of earth which will be sometimes contained inthe earth with which they are covered. Those in which the pipe is leftbare for a time after being laid, are liable to injuries from drying andaccidents. My mode of covering or enveloping these aqueducts-or pipes asthey are being made in the ditch or trench and tamping and compressingthe earth firmly around them, while the rod or core is within them,accomplishes this object, and overcomes these difliculties by producinga more even and solid pipe, which, while the firmness and pressure ofthe earth against its outer surface is suflicient to sustain thepressure of water, they are so nearly impervious as only to allow waterenough to saturate them as is requisite to harden and perfect them. a

' Having thus described my inventionwhat I claim as new and desire tosecure by Letters Patent, is I 1. Covering or enveloping the cementaqueduct or water pipeas it is being laid in the ditch or trench, withthe flexible material (Z, 9', in the manner and for the purposessubstantially as described and. set forth. V c r.

2. Also the attachment to the mold or former of the spindle f for thepurpose specified.

In testimony whereof I have hereto set my signature this twelfth day ofMarch, A. D. 1860.

BENJAMIN LIVERMORE.

Witnesses:

LEWIS EMMONS, Moses T. SWAN.

